Jumat, 27 Februari 2015

QUOTATIONS THEORY




"THEORY OF QUOTATIONS"
 



PART I
A.    Definition Of Quotation
Quotations are a big part of writing. People use quotations when something is well-said. A quotation from someone famous or smart can help make your own point sound better. When you use a quotation, always remember to put it in quotation marks and give proper credit. Also, don't change any of the words: a quotation should be exactly what the person said or wrote. A "quotation" is the exact word or words that a person speaks. Exact quotations are used in many kinds of writing, such as newspaper, articles, stories, and novels, and academic papers. When we quote a speaker’s words, we use quotation marks.
The reason for this is that although your own ideas and opinion are valid, quoting and authority who agrees with you makes your arguments more convincing.
There are three basic functions of quotations marks:
1.      In direct quote
Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation that is shorter than three lines. A direct quotation states the exact words of a speaker.
Punctuation with quotation marks can be a little tricky. Here are some rules to follow:
a.       Periods and commas go inside quotation marks.
“I thought he was responsible,” he said, “but he isn’t.”
b.      Colons and semicolons go outside quotation marks.
“Give me liberty or give me death”: these are immortal” words.
c.       Exclamation point (!) and question marks (?) go inside quotation marks if they are a part of the quotation; otherwise, they go outside.
“Is it eight o’clock?” she asked.
Did she say,” It’s eight o’clock”!
d.      When a quoted sentence is divided into two parts, the second part begins with a small letter unless it is a new sentence.
“I thought he was responsible,” he said, “but he isn’t.”
“I think he is responsible,” he said. “look at his fine work.”
e.       Use single quotation marks (‘…’) to enclose a quotation within a quotation.
As John F. kennedy reminded us in his inaugural address, ”We should never forget the words of Martin Luther King, Jr., who said, ‘I have a dream.’”
2.      Unusual words
Use quotation marks to enclose foreign words or words that are used in a special or uncommon way.
-          A lot of people talk about “machismo” these days, but few people really know what it means.
-          The “banquet” turned out to be no more than hot dogs and soft drinks.
3.      Titles
Use quotation marks to enclose the titles of (a) articles from periodical journals, magazines, and newspapers; (b) chapters of books; (c) short stories; (d) poems; and (e) songs.
-          In the article “The future of Space,” published in the July 19, 1974 issue of Scientific America, the authors explore the possibility of manned space stations.
-          The New York Times recently published an article entitled “Space Stations: Dream or Reality?” in which the potential of space cities in orbit was discussed.
B.     Types  Of Quotation
It's good to understand the difference between a direct quotation, the words you hear from someone speaking, and an indirect quotation, which are the words that someone else uses to describe another speaker. "An indirect quotation reports someone's words without quoting word for word.
The rules for punctuations can become very complex. For general purposes, the rules are as follows:
1.      Place a comma after the reporting phrase, and put quotation marks before and after the actual words quoted. Capitalize the first word of the quotation as well as the first word of the sentence.
Example:
He said,” Since 1980, famine has killed 3 million people around the world.”
2.      If you break a quotation into two parts, enclose both parts in quotation and separate the parts with commas. Capitalize only the first sentence.
Example:
“Sentence 1980,”famine has killed 3 million people around the world.”






Type of Quotation and Examples
1.
Direct quotation with quotation marks
 
The young couple said, "The price was too high."
 
Indirect quotation: no quotation marks
 
The young couple said that the price was too high.
2.
Direct quotation with first person pronoun
 
He commented, "I can't understand the figures."
 
Indirect quotation: change to pronoun
 
He commented that he couldn't understand the figures.
3.
Direct quotation with command
 
"Cancel the payment," my husband said.
 
Indirect quotation: verb + to
 
My husband said [told me] to cancel the payment.
4.
Direct quotation with expressions of time and place.
 
The bankers said, "We'll work on this deal tomorrow."
 
Indirect quotation: expressions of time and place not related to speaker's perspective
 
The bankers said they would work on that deal the next day.
5.
Direct quotation with conversational words and phrases
 
The clients said, "Well, no thanks; we won't reorder.
 
Indirect quotation: omit or rephrase conversational words and phrases
 
The clients thanked us but said they would not reorder.




PART II
A.    Conclusion
Quotations are essential in academic writing. In all kinds of academic writing term papers to doctoral dissertations, you are expected to use quotations to support our ideas. There are two kinds of quotations: direct and indirect. In direct quotation, we use quotation marks but in indirect, we don’t use quotation marks. Quotation marks have three basic functions in direct quote, unusual words, and titles.













BIBLIOGRAPHY
Oshima, Alice. Dkk.1981.Writing Academic English.America:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.